I roughly know how world maps were created, but detailed local maps of towns and forest’s are something I find interesting. What methods were used to scale down in world, to paper distances?
Might I suggest this article about French mapmaking in the 1600s. Supposedly in response to a map commissioned by King Louis XIV at the time, which shower France about 20% smaller than originally mapped, the King replied:
“Your work has cost me a large part of my state!”
The Cassini map is browsable online on https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/
You can do layers and compare with more modern maps. The accuracy is quite stunning if you know how they made it.
The map overlay on that website is stunning. I don’t know much French, but I managed to get it to overlay the IGN map (I presume the currently accepted map from the government mapping agency) on the Cassini map, both at 50% opacity, and it’s truly remarkable how good the latter must have been in its time.
There’s so much detail along the coast that was faithfully recorded. The only thing I can spot that is noticeably different would be the river runs, but that’s entirely expected since rivers naturally move around.
I’d love to know if there’s a USA website that overlays colonial-era maps atop the modern USGS maps.
At first, people used itinirary (to go to Rome, first go to PlaceX, then PlaceY, etc)
Maps of the time, when they existed, where merely illustrations, with fictionnal places sprinkled in.
Then some attempts mesured distances between places by counting step, and overall direction. This is why most maps before 1000ce are really strange looking, but you can guess what they represent using the name of places.
With the invention of things like the astrolab, people where able to mesure both distances and more precise direction, giving birth to triangulation, which was used until the invention of GPS
A lot of others have already mentioned the use of trigonometry. I would like to add that, often times, the position of the Sun, stars, etc. were used for navigation. I would imagine their positions would be useful to judge large distances. And many times, map makers asked those living in the area about regions they themselves have not explored in great detail. Lots of maps are also an amalgamation of many other maps, so although it is unlikely one person explored vast swaths of forest by themselves, it is more likely that different parts of it came from different people, including locals.
p.s. Eratosthenes, an ancient Greek polymath from 200 BCE ish (!!), measured the circumference of the Earth to a remarkable accuracy simply by using shadows of a vertical rod cast by the Sun. It’s kind of insane how people were able to do all this without the assistance of modern technology.
Lots of replies about triangulation etc but the basic concept if a top down map was a military development by - Gallileo. That guy did so much
